Food Safety and Sanitation Course Project Essay

Food Safety and Sanitation Course Project - Essay Example Food safety and sanitation is fundamental for customers and employees. The performance of the customers will be perfect and recognizable when they are working in a favorable environment. Through the hard work of the employees, then with some measures in place it will be easy for the customers to be served with safe food (Arduser & Brown, 2005). In this project, as a health officer entitled with the power to check the safety of food and sanitation, I will base a case in Mount view restaurant in north California. This is one of the biggest restaurants not only in North California but also in US at large. There are many customers in this hotel thus, I find it necessary to have food safety, and sanitation measures in place. I will carry out an interview after which I will write a report. Preparatory Steps Before doing the interview and writing the report, I undertook some preparations that will make the latter processes to be easy. The steps that I undertook in preparation for the interv iew are: (i) Scheduling a meeting with the manager of Mount view restaurant I wrote a letter to the restaurant manager with all my contacts. It aimed at explaining to him the mission that I want to undertake in his or her restaurant. In addition, I explained the importance of the study to the manager. After compiling the letter, I send it to the following address: Mountain View Restaurant 5253 NC Hwy 226 Little Switzerland, NC 28749 United States ph: 828-766-9670. (ii) Meeting with the restaurant manager After the manager got back to me, I got his contacts and with them, I proceeded to meet him at the restaurant at the scheduled time. I introduced myself to the manager politely and he welcomed me warmly. After that, I proceeded on to undertake my role since I had been granted the authority to do so. 1.0. Interview The participants in the interview I carried out where the manager to the restaurant and the employees in the same area. My questions were mainly aimed at getting solutions to food safety and sanitation problems in the restaurant if any (Arduser & Brown, 2005). The Manager The manager was welcoming and ready to participate. I asked him to give some programs that were in place to ensure that there is food safety and sanitation in the restaurant. The manager told me that they had divided there workers into groups. There were groups who dealt with sanitation while others dealt with food safety. In food safety, he explained that they had a qualified doctor who came to check the quality of the ingredients. I also asked the manager how the environment was made favorable for food safety and sanitation. From there I walked around the restaurant accompanied by the manager. I filled the forms that I had after keenly observing what was needed. I also asked the manager the area that they were strategizing to improve (Arduser & Brown, 2005). The Employees I approached the employees in a friendly manner. I took four of them, two male and two female. I interrogated them on their health conditions. At some point, I asked them to show off their hands. They did not fail me. They also helped me to analyze the exterior. At this time, I had left the manager so that the workers could not create suspicion that could lead to wrong data. I also inquired what was supposed to be done to get food safety and

Uses of Statistics in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Uses of Statistics in the Workplace Essay Statistics is defined by Bennett, Briggs, Triola (2009), as â€Å"the science of collecting, organizing, and interpreting data† (p. 1). Almost every profession uses statistics in some way to guide in making good decisions based on current research. The nursing profession relies heavily on current research to guide patient care with the integration of evidenced-based practice. Statistics provide valuable information to caregivers to help them understand, plan, evaluate, and improve the quality of patient care. In the acute care hospital setting there are ongoing measurements of such things as patient satisfaction, hand washing compliance rates, catheter acquired urinary tract infections, and central access infection rates, just to name a few. The collection of this data involves descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and levels of measurements. Acute care hospitals use descriptive statistics in many ways. Descriptive statistics describes raw data in the form of samples or graphs (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). One area in which they are used in the hospital is to evaluate hand washing compliance of health care providers. According to Vincent (2003), nosocomial infections occur in approximately 30% of patients in the intensive care setting and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Research shows that effective hand washing can prevent many hospital acquired infections (Vitez, 2010). In the hospital setting, hand washing compliance is monitored on an ongoing basis. Health care workers who come in contact with patients are observed by an unidentified member of the staff who monitors the subject upon entering and leaving a patient room. Hand hygiene can be performed by either by washing with soap and water or use of hand sanitizers. The expectation is that the subject will wash their hands upon entering the room and upon leaving the room. The subject must be monitored both entering and leaving the room for the observation to be included in the data. Initial hand washing data showed poor staff compliance. Employees were lacking in hand hygiene and putting patients at risk (Vitez, 2010). Based on the results of early observations, a plan was implemented to increase staff compliance. Education was provided to increase awareness of the importance of hand washing and frequent reminders are given in the form of screen saver messages and signs posted at the entrance of every room. Interventions have also been implemented such as conveniently placing hand sanitizer containers outside of every room and throughout the hallways of the institution. Recent monthly hand hygiene compliance rates are generated and have improved to 85% -90% hospital wide. Use of these descriptive statistics using raw data on hand hygiene rates has been an important tool in increasing awareness of the importance of hand hygiene to the overall safety of our patients. Hospitals are safety and quality driven. Several research studies have shown a direct relation to the skill and education of the nursing staff and a decrease in mortality (McHugh Lake, 2010). Inferential statistics involves making predictions based on information obtained in a smaller sample (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). This information and the inference of better patient outcomes have prompted many hospitals to require nursing staff to attain a bachelor’s of science in nursing. The research suggests a positive correlation between critical thinking skills and nurses with a bachelor’s of science degree and positive patient outcomes (McHugh Lake, 2010). The institution where I am employed, and many institutions in our tri-state area, is using the findings of these inferential statistics to require that all nurses in their employ obtain a bachelor’s of science in nursing in an effort to provide patients with the best possible outcome. Those in the health care profession, and those involved in nursing research, have many uses for the four levels of measurement in statistics. The four levels of measurement in statistics include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). The nominal level of measurement is the simplest level of measurement that involves variables, or labels, to classify data in a qualitative way (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). Nominal variables include such things as categories of people, race, gender, or age. In the hospital setting, the nominal level of measurement is used most obviously when completing a patient history which asks the patients name, sex, marital status, and blood type. The ordinal level of measurement assesses data incrementally and puts data in order either from low to high or high to low in a ranking system (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). This level of measurement is used in the hospital setting to measure pain perception and in patient satisfaction surveys. There has been increasing emphasis on the use of patient satisfactions surveys to assess the quality of health care and many facilities have implemented improvement projects in relation to such things as reception skills, food services, housekeeping, and reorganization of hospital discharge procedures (Gray, Richmond, Ebbage, 2010). These scores reflect the patient’s subjective perception of their hospital experience and his or her likeliness to recommend the facility to family members and friends. Ordinal levels of measurement are also used to rank hospital performance in several areas including hospital acquired infections and readmission rates (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, n. d. ). These rankings are reported to the public and may influence a health care consumer in their decision of where to seek their medical care. Interval levels of measurement apply quantitative data in meaningful intervals without reference to ratios and no set point for zero; variables within this level of measurement are assessed at equal intervals (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). The obvious example in the health care field of an interval level of measurement would be that of a thermometer or a calendar. Using the hand hygiene information mentioned earlier, the information is presented to the staff using a grading system that is broken down into intervals. Each interval is identified by a color. The scale begins at 60%. Units with a compliance ranking of 60-79% are given the color red. Units with a compliance ranking of 80-89% are given the color yellow. Green is given to any unit that has a hand washing compliance ranking of 90% or greater. This interval level of measurement ranks each unit and allows them to compare their rankings with other units in the facility. As incentive for improvement, departments with consistent compliance rankings of 90% or above have been given rewards such as gift cards and luncheons. Ratio levels of measurement are similar to interval levels but a zero point does exist (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). Ratio levels of measurement apply to quantitative data characterized by intervals that are assessed incrementally with equal distances between the increments (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). In the hospital setting, nurses routinely use ratio levels of measurement such as the patients weight, height, temperature, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. In conclusion, numerous statistics are collected and analyzed in the health care setting. Accurate statistics provide information regarding patient satisfaction, patient safety, and patient outcomes. Using this information to identify areas for improvement, planning, and implementing changes in care and practice will improve the quality of care, decrease morbidity, and improve patient outcomes.

Contributions of Biotechnology to Agriculture

Contributions of Biotechnology to Agriculture Introduction The Food and Agriculture Organization some 20 years ago released a paper stating that the amount of food produced worldwide will not be able to provide the constant nutritional needs for the world population by this year (2010) as a staggering 25% increase in world population was projected, though this estimation has not materialised, it has generated a lot of concerns as there has been a 4-fold population increase in the last century (1918 2009) which has led to the applications of biotechnology to agriculture or in other words the Agrobiotechnology to enhance maximum food production in an economic way. The need for the application of biotechnology to crops was also necessitated as a result of the massive crop loss due to insect pests as at that time was treated with pesticides which are expensive and thus there was a need to sustain the productivity yields of crops which was not given much of a chance as world population was on the rise. Biotechnology was able to provide prospects of producing novel, developed, safer and inexpensive crops in agricultural practices. (Brown, 1992) Agriculture is defined simply as the activities involved in the production of food crops and rearing of livestock animals, while biotechnology was defined jointly by FAO and WHO (1996) as the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services. Therefore Agrobiotechnology techniques according to Huttner et al, (1995) are implemented to reduce cost of production of crops and increasing food productivity by; increasing food quality and food processing traits, adequate disease or pest resistance, improving environmental stress tolerance, and the control of weeds which has led to the development of (genetically modified) GM crops in some parts of the world. Plant breeding techniques with the use of molecular markers such as RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SSRP, CAPS and SSCP were improved for plants genome mapping as well as to determine plants phenotypes and select desirable traits for the proper modification of crops depending on the gene of interest that is to be incorporated into several populations of plants or crops generated by crosses. (Mohan et al, 1996) Several biotechnology approaches have also been applied in livestock farming basically because there is a general belief that the biotechnological steps to humans are just one step ahead of those applied to animals which involves the modification of animals to observe desirable traits. (Becker and Cowan, 2009) According to Fernandez-Cornejo (2008), the fundamental contributions of the application of biotechnology to agriculture depends on the acknowledgement of its prospective possible benefits and risks, however, this essay will focus on the potential contributions of biotechnology to agriculture (plants and animals) taking into account the advantages as well as the disadvantages of the technology Plant (Crop) Biotechnology Plant biotechnology developments was based on the cell theory as described by Vasil (2007) and has witnessed remarkable expansion in the last 10 years which has focused majorly on making crop production efficient and producing crops with desired traits. Plants and crops need to overcome some Biotic and Abiotic stresses to increase their productivity which led to the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops about 20 years ago which have been commercialized over the past 10 years either with single traitor multiple traits GM crops as the name implies that genes of a crop are taken and transferred to another crop or already present genes are manipulated with the main purpose of changing the features of the crop in question which may be either the way the crop develops or matures. Addressed in the next paragraph are traits that have been transferred to biotechnology or GM crops to increase their yield. Insect/pest resistance Ferry et al (2005) estimated that 10 20% of major crops are lost to insects or pests and crops are genetically modified to be poisonous and harmful to pests that attack the crops, an example is the application of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) genes to grow cotton (in China and South Africa) and corn thereby reducing pesticide use, increasing profits, yields and health benefits to farmers who apply pesticides without protective clothes. (Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2004) Disease resistance Described in details by Raybould and Gray (1993), fungal, bacterial and viral infestations to crops and plants have been suppressed by genetically modifying plants to be disease resistant for example the ongoing research to reduce the viral and fungal infections to sweet potatoes and bananas respectively. Abiotic stress resistance Motavalli et al (2004) discussed the ongoing extensive research to modify crops to be able to survive in unfavourable environmental conditions such as drought, heat, cold, frost, extreme soil conditions and significantly increase food security for example the use of trehalose genes to grow rice in India to protect it from dehydration. Herbicide tolerance This trait enables a wide range of weeds to be controlled by modifying crops to be resistant to the effects of weed thereby lowering costs of herbicides, reducing tillage and effective weed control measures as discussed in Sharma et al (2002) in the growth of soybeans in Argentina. Improved nutritional value Plant biotechnologies has enabled crops to be modified to contain supplemental nutrients inadequate in diets for example the enhancement of ÃŽ ²-carotene in rice to increase vitamin A to prevent blindness which is as a result of vitamin A deficiency. Biopharmaceuticals Biotechnology applications in plants has been used to produce vaccines and medicines according to Sharma et al (2002) which has enabled production and easy distribution of cheap vaccines as in the modification of potatoes to produce bacterial vaccines for E.coli. GM crops have been widely accepted worldwide (25 countries currently) both in industrial and developing countries as shown in figure 1 mainly because of their advantages which are either economical or environmental. Apart from the fact that plant or crop biotechnology has improved the productivity and yield of crops, other economic benefits in relation to the features of GM crops are further discussed; As described by Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2004), the growth of a large variety of crops by farmers have been enhanced as there a good resistance to biotic (insects, pests or diseases) and abiotic (drought, frost, heat) conditions. With the resistance of GM crops to insects and pests, the use of pesticides is greatly reduced which in turn reduces the costs of growing these crops. Farmers are able to generate more income owing to the reduction of the cost of farming and generation of higher yields which consequently reduce the prices of crops thus alleviating poverty and starvation levels in the economy. GM crops have an improved nutrition levels thus sicknesses and illnesses are consequently averted with a better diet even in underdeveloped countries. Since GM crops can remain fresher over a long period of time for example in tomatoes, the shelf life can be increased in the market. The ability of GMO crops to withstand abiotic conditions such as drought has increased food security while the cheaper production of biopharmaceuticals such as vaccines and other medicines in GM plants has led to a great ease of distribution and manufacture of vaccines thus improving healthcare systems. Environmental benefits of GM crops as discussed by Gatehouse et al (1992); Wieczorek (2003) and Gatehouse (2005), includes the less use or no use of pesticides and insecticides which may be contaminants in the environment (land or water) and could accumulate as residues on foods thus more environmental friendly pesticides can be used while in most cases there is no need to use pesticides. Natural resources sustainability is also improved as there is less use of energy or chemicals (pesticides) while natural habitats are conserved for more efficient applications. GM crops have reduced the pressure on vegetation and biodiversity is maintained while there is a less risk of desertification and soil erosion since GM crops can be grown anywhere irrespective of abiotic conditions. According to the advantages of biotechnology described in figure 2 above, these benefits can only be achieved if the risks and concerns which constitute the disadvantages are investigated, realised and averted. (Mannion, 1995). The potential risks of biotechnology applications to crops and plants can either be health related, environmental or social as further discussed. Wieczorek, (2003) discusses the potential risk of introducing toxins and allergens into GM crops while genetic modification technology is underway is of great concern as there is a potential risk of allergens and toxins being transferred into improved crops while also emphasizing the concerns raised about the use of molecular markers during gene transfer as there is a potential risk of diseases being resistant to clinical antibiotic treatments as a result of transfer of resistance encoding genes which may contain novel bacterial strains. Of great concern as discussed by Hobbs and Plunkett, 1999 is the fact that the long term health effects of the consumption of GM crops over a long time is unknown. Of environmental concerns is the potential risk of GM crops hybridizing with related weeds which may result in superweeds that are more complicated to manage while genetic modification of plants could pose a risk of unintentional gene transfer to non GM crops from GM crops thus the former become wild plants creating ecological instabilities as discussed by Soregaroli and Wesseler, (2003). Wieczorek, (2003) suggests that the release of GM crops into the environment may pose unpredicted and adverse effects as it was emphasized by the fatal actions of Bt corn on the larvae of Monarch butterfly, though the possibility of this happening is very doubtful. Due to the fact that insect pests may get resistant to crop-fortification traits of GM crops, a swift resistance can build up among pest populations as it was feared with Bt crops while biological diversity in nature stand a great risk of being adversely affected as there may be an increase on the reliance of GM crops which could intensif y failure of non-GM crops and put at risk food security. A social concern as discussed by Persley and Siedow, (199) raises the arguments of GM crops being labelled as practiced in the U.S.A where Gm crops carry a label showing a difference in while another concern is the inadequate access to seeds of GM crops or food plants that have been patented as these seeds cannot be saved for replanting. GM crops/food plants have been referred to as unnatural by critics as they are modified by humans and not found in nature as other crops created by God thus causing uproar of religious and ethical concerns as discussed in Knight (2008) while it is feared that these GM plants could someday turn into weeds, adversely affect the natural ecosystem due to direct and indirect impacts on non-targeted plants/crops as described by Azadi and Ho, (2009). Animal Biotechnology Animal biotechnology was described by Cowan and Becker, (2006) as series of techniques by which living beings are genetically modified to benefit humans and animals by exploiting and introducing desirable trait which is as a result of the genetic code being discovered in the early 1950s with technologies including embryo transfer, transgenics, in-vitro fertilization, sexing embryo, cloning and gene knockout but with transgenics being the most commercialized while cloning being the technique surrounded with much controversy. Animal biotechnologies have not received much attention as attributed to plant/crop biotechnology as there is so much controversy surrounding its applications as there is a general concern that these applications could one day be applied to humans since its just a step ahead of the applications to livestock to observe desired traits. Embryo transfer, In-vitro fertilization, sexing embryo and even cloning can be classified as reproducing technologies that have several advantages as described by Gordon, 2004 which includes; the improvement of the reproducing capacities of livestock, the reduction of the level of infertility in animals, enablement of old livestock to donate ovules if they cant maintain pregnancies, the observation of specific sex (male or female) as desired traits while the embryos in all these techniques can also be stored in an embryo bank and can be easily retrieved when required. Gene knockout/targeting techniques has a major advantage of increasing the knowledge of stem cells and similar genes that may be present in humans and livestock and can be use to study diseases and ailments as discussed by Serhan and Ward, (1999). Cloning of animals is also advantageous; as it provides farmers with a range of better performing animals in a generation, is used to improve the population of livestock or endangered animals while inexpensive and many biologically engineered drugs can be modified by using genes that can encode proteins from human as discussed by Van Niekerk, (2005). Application of transgenics which is performed either by microinjection or homologous recombination however is the most advantageous and commercialized animal biotechnology with several examples as shown in table 1, below. As numerous as the advantages and contributions of animal biotechnology are, there are still health, environmental and social concerns that want to constitute as disadvantages to the biotechnology applications for instance the safety of food from GM animals could pose a threat to human health as unpredicted and unintended changes may arise in their composition while environmental issues are based on the break out of gene flow into natural populations as feared especially in superfish as escape into habitats will disrupt natural ecosystems and may cause the introduction of undiscovered genes into the environment. Cowan and Becker (2006). Social acceptance concerns has been a major disadvantage of animal biotechnologies as discussed by Becker and Cowan (2009) which arise from labelling, welfare of animals, genetic biodiversity and trade issues have limited the commercialization of animal biotechnologies. Purpose/ Advantage Animal Models Faster Growth/ Leaner meat Cattle, pig, rabbits, sheep Altered milk composition (higher protein) Cattle Biosteel production in milk Goat Reduced phosphorous in swine feaces (Enviropig) Pig Increased wool production Sheep Disease resistance Pig, sheep, rabbit Xenotransplantation (animal organs for humans) Pig Aquaculture (Growth Hormones of Superfish) Salmon Production of human protein in milk Sheep Production of pharmaceuticals and therapeutics Sheep, cattle Table 1: Applications of Transgenics in Farm Animals. Modified from original source; Cowan and Becker (2006)

Budgeting Slack Kills All Benefits Of Budgeting Accounting Essay

Budgeting Slack Kills All Benefits Of Budgeting Accounting Essay In an organization when a manager is responsible for planning incomes and expenses for the a future period, they can plan income very low and expenses very high so that this amounts gets approved by senior management. The Manager basically does this thing to be sure of meeting the budget with a very low income goal, the manager should be able to achieve it and go over it. With a very high expense Budget the manager should be able to easily keep actual expenses within the Budget. If this happens the managers performance in the coming year will look very good, as it doesnt really give management any idea of what the coming year will actually look like because its not realistic. And it doesnt show the actual evaluation of the managers performance. So this is known as the Budgetary Slack. In other words the surplus that arises when managers preparing a Budget overestimates costs or underestimates revenues. Most organizations would want to eliminate budget slack but some managers may be motivated to create it to improve their performance evaluations. After realising the meaning and concept of budgetary slack then it points out the key questions like why, for what etc. for the occurrence of this concept. First of all coming to the reality check of why this phenomena is happening, it is evident that it happens due to the fraud action of the concerned manager, that is misrepresentation of the facts and figures in the budgetary report. With a budgetary slack the manager is capable enough to achieve if its showing a very low income target and by exaggerating a high expense budget he is able to hide the actual expense within the budget. thus even though a managers performance in the coming year may look good, the truth is the budget is not showing the original forecasts upon which major decisions should be taken. Mostly companies major decisions and strategies are based on their budgets to a great extent, even factors like firms growth,development,etc. Causes Of Budgetary Slack :- Budgetary Participation :- Agency theory had been used to explain budgetary participation. Magee (1980) explained that the anticipated payoff to principals was increased with access to information held by agents before preparing the budget. By participating in the budget preparation process, the agent gives the principals an opportunity to access information which allows agent to communicate or reveal some of their private information that may be incorporated into the standards or budgets, against which their performance would be evaluated (Magee, 1980;Baiman, 1982; Baiman Evans, 1983).The agents sometimes doesn,t reveal all the information which would lead to budgets with incorporated. Budgetary participation was the means by which subordinate managers influence plans and share in the decision making process with their superiors on matters that affect their areas of responsibility (Milani, 1975;Brownell, 1982a, 1982b). Budget Emphasis :- As Managers are under pressure to achieve there budgeted goals ,in this case there is a chance they would create budgeting slack. This pressure, applied from supervisors was budget emphasis. When the achievements of budgeted goals were emphasized, the normal tendency was to incorporate slack into the firms budgets. The main reason for subordinate managers efforts to build slack in their budgets was to increase their payoff chances. If subordinate managers perceived their rewards as dependent on budget attainment, they would tend to build slack into their budgets through the participation process. Therefore, budget emphasis in performance evaluation may encourage budgetary slack. Information Asymmetry :- Another factor that influences the budgetary slack building behaviour r is the degree of information asymmetry. Information asymmetry arises when the subordinate managers possess private information regarding divisions productivity, effort level, and resource requirements that is not available to the central management. This private information can be used by the subordinates to maximize their self-interest especially when the central management cannot observe the subordinate actions. Subordinates have incentives to misrepresent their private information in order to set easy to achieve budget targets . NEGATIVE SIDE OF BUDGETARY SLACK :- Even though there are positives and negatives for budgetary slack, the negative effects outweigh positive effects .Some of the negative effects are the following:- 1)During good years managers tend to depend on budgetary slack and at bad years these managers tend to convert budgetary slack to profit. That is if a manager behind the profit for the year, the manager will rely on the budgetary slack built into the budget to make the profit goal anyway. But if manager is ahead of profit for the year then the manager will use up the additional money left in the budget because of the budgetary slack built into at the beginning of the year. Thus the managers will rarely, if ever exceed the goals although they will almost always meet their goals but the meeting of the goals will not be real since the goals are not real due to budgetary slack. 2) A deliberately understated sales budget might have serious consequences in planning other activities. For instance, production might be too low; the advertising program and distribution expense budgets may be planned incorrectly; the cash flow plans might be inaccurate. WAYS TO PREVENT BUDGETARY SLACK:- Evaluation system:- Organizations can reduce budgetary slack when they stop using budget as a negative evaluative tool. For instance, instead of criticizing subordinates every time a budgeted target is not achieved, if the subordinates are allowed some discretion to exceed costs when unavoidable, there will be a lesser tendency to create budgetary slack (Smith et al, 2008, p. 460). Truth- inducing pay scheme:- A problem occurs in participative budgeting when a subordinate has private information about factors that influence his or her performance and the pay scheme is budget or standard- based. The employee has an advantage to keep away this information from superiors so that a relatively easy standard is set, thereby creating slack. To eliminate this problem, research proposes a truth- inducing pay scheme to motivate subordinates to accurately communicate private information and maximize performance, thereby reducing budgetary slack (Waller, 2002). Budgetary Participation :-Is an ideal budgetary process. Most companies deviate from this ideal budgetary process. Typically top managers initiate the budget process by issuing broad guidelines in terms of overall target profits or sales. Lower level managers are desired to prepare budgets that meet those targets. The difficulty is that the target set by top managers may be unrealistically high or may allow too much slack. If the budgets are too high and employees know they are unrealistic, motivation will suffer. If the targets allow too much slack, waste will occur. And unfortunately top management is often not in a position to know whether the targets they have set are appropriate. Admittedly, however, a pure self imposed budgeting system is not without limitations. It may lack sufficient strategic direction and lower level managers may be tempted to build into their budgets a great deal of budgetary slack. Nevertheless, because of the motivational advantages of self imposed budgets, top managers should be cautious about setting inflexible budgets. Zero-Based Budgeting:- The problem of budgetary slack is particularly acute when the prior years budget is used as the starting point for preparing the current budget.   This is called incremental budgeting. It is presumed that established levels from previous budgets are an acceptable baseline, and changes are made based on new information.   This usually means that budgeted amounts are incrementally increased.   The alternative to incremental budgeting is called zero-based budgeting. With zero-based budgeting, each expenditure taxes and fees.   This gives rise to considerable frustration in trying to control spending.   Some governmental leaders push for zero-based budgeting concepts in an attempt to filter necessary services from those that simply evolve under the incremental budgeting process. CONCLUSION:- Sometimes the slack creation increases if a tight budget is applied and the manager is expected to incur budget overruns .In othercase if managers are permitted to participate actively in the budgeting process then the chances of slack is to reduce in further stages. Truth inducing schemes also play an important role in reducing budgetary slack. Individuals are assumed to be motivated by their self-interest; therefore, managers will not always act in the best interest of the management. Because the actions that may benefit the management might not be beneficial for mangers self interest. The main issue here is how to align the managers interest with the managements interests. Some actions that the management can take in this case are, firstly to pay the manager a fixed salary if he takes the right action and impose a penalty if he contravenes. Another step could be to induce a compensation plan that links compensation with the mangers performance. These actions are expected to provide subordinate/managers with an incentive to communicate truthfully, thereby reduce budgetary slack.

Sequential and Simultaneous Linear Menus Essay example -- Finance, Cr

The user’s cognitive construction of a chore exemplify a set of probability as to what will be the result as well as what will lead to the result. With this in mind, we can see that menus structure or arrangement tend to focus on the user’s cognitive construction. Take for instance, when a person go the grocery store and when checking out and making payment for the item buy, the person will either pay in cash or use credit or debit card. Once the person decides to pay with the credit or debit card, after swiping the card in most cases the machine will ask if the person will be paying with debit or credit. In addition, if the person decides to pay as debit, the machine will ask if the person want cash back or not. The same can be said of an ATM. When using an ATM, the machine often asks if the person want to make a deposit, withdraw, or check account and many more. With this, we can say that menus are structures in such a way that the flow gives individual or user a tas k to accomplish their goal or goal. We can see why it indispensable that user is able to recognize the types of menus arrangement and the logic in which the menus flow. 2.0 Menus Selection Many researchers have anticipated theories about the different approaches that people across the globe use when they want to locate a recognized entry in an unordered list of options. Norman and Vandierendonck recommended that people could only process one menu at a time. This idea or recommendation that people can only process one item at a time could be related to sequential linear menu. However, they did not authenticate the low-level hypothesis empirically. Card S. K. the writer of â€Å"Visual search of computer command menus† proposed that people randomly choose which item t... ...see that for the most part, simultaneous menus layout overshadow sequential linear menus designs. However, the choices we may in choosing which type of design should be base not what would like to see and have your end users make on their daily or weekly basis. It should be base on the type of task and what you would like the result to be. For example, if you expect the user to be able to make multiple selections from either two or more menus, it would be wise to use simultaneous menus designs to enhance better performance. Furthermore, if on the other hand you want your target audience to just use or make one choice at a time, sequential linear menus would be a good deal. Let say for some reasons you want your menus design to be use for investigative undertakings, simultaneous would be a good choice in that situation because it provide continuous flow of summary.

East of the Mountains By David Gutterson :: essays research papers

This Book was written by David Guterson. He wrote another book which I don’t know much about called Snow Falling on Cedars. But he wrote this book which I was interested in certain parts of it, such as his ideal of wanting to commit suicide, a drifter who gave him some help on lessening the pain, and when he talked about his pass of when he was recruited from Camp Hale. This was a good book in my opinion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book was set in the season of fall and it was around 1997. In the book he talked of his past when he was a little kid with his dad and when he was growing up meeting his wife. The area was a country type place in a rich apple growing region. In the state of Washington were he goes to many mountains in the surrounding area. This was the setting of the book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were many characters in this book. The main character of this book was Ben Givens a seventy- three year old retired heart surgeon. The whole story was set around him. Then there was his family which he talked about, Rachel who was his wife which who had pass away before him, Renee his daughter, Chris his grandson, Emma his granddaughter, Aidan his brother, and Wright Givens his father. Also he had two hunting dogs which were brow and white Brittanies named Rex and Tristan. On his hunting trip were he had planed on committing suicide he had met many people. A young couple who really get along with each other, a drifter who gave him some marijuana to ease the pain of his cancer, a veterinarian, a rancher and a migrant worker.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The summary of this story starts when Ben wakes up from another night of suffering from colon cancer. This day he had planned on his hunting trip that would ease his suffering. He had everything ready in the morning and he made it seem like he was just going on a hunting trip. Right when he starts his journey he gets into a car wreck destroying his car. But he is picked up by a couple that takes him to place that Ben thinks he can rent a car from. When he finds he can’t and is trying to hitch a ride he meets a man that give’s him some â€Å"medical† marijuana to help ease his pain. Ben gives up and goes to hunt in the near by mountains.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He started out hunting the chukars with his hunting dogs.

Challenges And How To Overcome Them Essay

Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible  to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from  easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make  purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have work ed to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess m ore than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a  website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has dev eloped a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online  marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever f orm we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling  snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect  rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creatin g a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not availa ble in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as  an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their  opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online busines s range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a sec ure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible  to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the sourc e of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tail or our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from  easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With res taurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make  purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be de signed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a  website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to fac e or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online  marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever f orm we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling  snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect  rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as  an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their  opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs. Even during the most downtrodden of economic times and perhaps even more during those times, the dream of starting a new business venture burns brightly in many people’s minds. The advantages of having a small online business range from lower start-up costs than brick-and-mortar operations to more streamlined administration. But successfully running an online business is far from easy. The moment a business decides to enter the online world, the very first challenge is creating a reliable website. A good designer can accomplish this, but a high-quality website is more than just visual attraction; it should also function smoothly and be designed for carrying out business. So the first issue that we faced is lack of computer expertise. We needs to possess more than a basic knowledge of the Internet to do business online. Necessary skills include knowing how to set up a website for business purposes and how to market our business online. Instead of this, we had do observation or google searching and read for relevant article or teaching materials either technology resources or visitor engagement resources. Another issue is limitations of business types. Some types of businesses may not be suited for the Internet, particularly those products involve the use of the senses. For example, if the unique selling point of our product is its pleasant aroma. After we decides to selling snacks online we just realise that we are facing this problem. So we decide to sell those famous and top selling Japanese snack for example our main products – Kit Kat, although it is not Japanese. However, Kit Kat is consistently one of the top selling chocolate bars in Japan and because of Kit Kat in Japan has many varieties not available in other countries. We also will inform our customers that Kit Kat Japan has developed a new chocolate bar that can be eaten as is, or baked. It has been introduced as an oven bake version of its famous Kit Kat bar Instead of melting into a messy puddle of chocolate sauce and wafer bits, after two minutes in the oven the candy bar will bake into a crispy cookie. With restaurants in the country quick to use the two-finger chocolate snack in new pizza recipes. So we encourage our customers to have a try on it. While another is about privacy and security concerns. Even if we take precautions such as setting up a secure payment page for customer purchases, we still may be susceptible  to unscrupulous individuals who hack our system and steal our customers’ private information. This can be used to drain our customers’ bank accounts or steal their identities. So we may not be able to do business with prospects who don’t trust making purchases online. Because of this, we provide face to face or deliver personally service to our customers to overcome this problems. Furthermore, we generating high traffic but low sales. We consider have a large online following, but few customers who make purchases. To overcome this issue, we may need to fine-tune our efforts. We start by evaluating our goals. Others than that, we want visitors to our page or blog to call us, we had list the phone number in an easy-to-spot place. After the website comes its content, and it should be valuable content, the kind that will attract readers and internet users interested in our services or products. Content marketing is all the rage. But everything online is some form of content or another. That means all online marketing is content marketing. And that’s the source of a big problem. Much of this effort is based on some big assumptions that may are largely wrong. Maybe no one reads what we write or no one reads what we share. We need to have specific and meaningful content. What we need is to engage people, not just catch their eye for a moment. So, whatever form we use, we make sure speak to the right audience and provide something with substance. Be real with people. We are better off gaining a prospect’s or customer’s respect rather than tricking them into doing business with us. Giving respect helps gain it and give something meaningful. We are also struggling with stale content. We have worked to create a beautiful Facebook page or blog design but don’t post new information on a regular basis, potential customers may click elsewhere. We don’t have time to keep content fresh. So we decide another way to keep content fresh is to include readers. So we try posting open-ended questions or comments and asking the audience to share their opinions or thoughts. By getting to know our followers, we will be able to tailor our next sales offer to customer interests and needs.